How much should I take as a salary from my limited company?

‍Starting a limited company is often a sensible choice for self-employed workers, but it can present you with a lot of things to get your head around.

‍One of the differences between being paid by an employer and running your own business is having to sort out how your limited company pays you. Usually, the most tax-efficient way you can do this is by taking a combination of a low salary and dividends from your limited company. The salary will be paid to you as a director, in the same way as a regular employee.

You’ll need to make sure that you meet all your reporting and tax filing responsibilities for running your payroll under HMRC’s Real-Time Information (RTI) rules or you may incur fines and penalties. You'll also need to make sure you follow HMRC's rules on issuing dividends.

If you're a Crunch client this is all taken care of in the amazing accounting software that you get with our limited company accounting packages.

If you're a sole trader then the situation is different, you should read our article "How to pay yourself as a sole trader'.

How to pay yourself as a director - why take a salary?

There are two main reasons to take a salary from your limited company:

• It’s counted as an allowable business expense, which means it lowers the amount of Corporation Tax your company pays.
• If the salary is above the Lower Earnings Limit (£6,396 in the 2022/23 tax year and in the 2023/24 tax year – view current tax rates) you accrue qualifying years towards your state pension.

High or low salary - why would I want to take a low salary?

Under HMRC’s rules, ‘office holders’ (ie. people who hold a position at a company but don’t have a contract, or receive regular salary payments) aren’t subject to the National Minimum Wage Regulations unless there‘s a contract of employment in place.

A low salary can be paid which means you do not have to pay Income Tax or National Insurance Contributions (NICs) on that salary.

As a UK taxpayer, each year you’ll have a Personal Allowance – any income you receive up to the Personal Allowance is free from Income Tax. In the 2022/23 and 2023/24 tax years, this threshold is £12,570.

There are also National Insurance (NI) thresholds to be aware of. They’re all currently lower than the Personal Allowance and are important when setting your salary:

• The Lower Earnings Limit – as long as your salary is set above this level, you’ll retain your State Pension contribution record

• The National Insurance (NI) Primary threshold – as long as your salary is below this level, you won’t need to pay any employee’s NICs

• The National Insurance (NI) Secondary threshold – as long as your salary is below this level, your limited company (as your employer) won’t need to pay any employer’s NICs.

So, the aim is to set your salary at a level that is above the Lower Earnings Limit to obtain the benefits of qualifying for the state pension, but below the level where you’ll need to pay either employee or employer’s NI. Win, win!

So what are the National Insurance thresholds and how do they affect a director’s salary?

For the 2022/23 tax year, if your salary is above the National Insurance (NI) ‘Lower Earnings Limit’ (£6,396) but below the NI ‘Primary Threshold’ (£9,880 per year and £12,570 from July 2022), you don’t pay employee’s NI contributions, but you do retain your State Pension contribution record. However, your limited company would have to pay employer’s NI contributions on any salary above the NI ‘Secondary Threshold’ which is £9,100.

In the 2023/24 tax year the ‘Lower Earnings Limit’ is £6,396, the NI primary threshold is £12,570 per year and the NI secondary threshold is again at the lower level of £9,100 and will remain at that level for the full tax year.

This means that the most tax-efficient salary for a limited company with a single director who has no other sources of taxable income for the 2022/23 and 2023/24 tax year will usually be £758.33 per month (£9,100 for the 2022/23 tax year) which is the NI Secondary threshold amount.

High or low salary - why might I want to take a higher salary?

If your salary is set at a very low level, or if you don’t take a salary at all, there are disadvantages, such as:

• Reduced maternity benefits. Technically, to qualify for maternity benefits, you need to be “employed” and thus be compliant with the National Minimum Wage Regulations
• You could miss out on part of your annual tax-free personal allowance if your salary is paid at the NIC threshold and you have no other sources of income. (You should ensure that you understand the impact of the total amount of salary and  dividends you take from your company and other sources of income on your available tax-free personal allowance)
• Reduced cover under permanent health, critical illness, personal accident or similar policies, where payouts are calculated based on your earnings
• Issues with National Minimum Wage Regulations if you want to have a Contract of Employment
• When applying for a loan or a mortgage you may need to meet certain criteria which are unsympathetic to a low salary. However, there can be ways around this if you use a specialist self-employed mortgage broker such as the Crunch Mortgages team can advise you on the best way to qualify for a self-employed mortgage).

Paying yourself in dividends

If your company makes a profit, which it hopefully will, then you have two options available to you. You can either reinvest your profit into the company or pay shareholders by issuing a dividend.

The term “shareholder” simply refers to the owner(s) of the company. So, if you own and manage your limited company, you can pay yourself a dividend. This can be a tax-efficient way to take money out of your company, due to the lower personal tax paid on dividends.

Through combining dividend payments with a salary, you can ensure that you’re at optimum tax efficiency. You can find out more about dividends in our “What are dividends and what taxes do I pay on them?” article.

Tax implications of taking a salary

As with regular full-time employees, all salaries will be subject to tax via Pay-as-you-earn (PAYE). With three separate PAYE ‘taxes’, the benefit of reducing your Corporation Tax liability by taking a higher salary can soon be outweighed by the additional tax paid.

Income tax

Income tax is cumulative on all employment earnings and other sources of income in a tax year. For example, if you’ve already earned £10,000 from any employment in a given tax year, your tax-free Personal Allowance will be reduced by this amount.

You can check out our tax rates and thresholds article for more information on the Income Tax rates, or take a look at our income tax calculator to understand how your own earnings impact the amount you'll pay.

Employee National Insurance Contributions

Unlike Income Tax, employee National Insurance Contributions (NICs) aren’t cumulative. They are payable for each pay period (usually weekly or monthly). This means each new employment has a separate earnings threshold before NICs are due. For employees who are Higher Rate taxpayers, there’s a maximum limit on the amount of NICs to be paid.

If you’re an employee (but not a director), this threshold is set as a monthly amount. If you’re paid over this amount in any given month, you’ll have to pay NICs even if your pay for the rest of the year is reduced.

Directors have an annual threshold, which is 52 times the weekly threshold amount. When salary starts to go over this, they pay NICs.

We’ve got an article with all the tax and National Insurance thresholds and rates.

Employer National Insurance Contributions

The threshold for employer NICs works in the same way as employees. For every salary amount your employee earns above the weekly National Insurance earnings threshold, the employer has to pay NICs at 13.8% for the 2023/24 tax year (14.53% for 2022/23). This also applies to your own director’s salary and represents another PAYE tax the company has to pay.

Read more about current tax rates and thresholds

Putting it all together - the best way to pay yourself as a director

Taking all the above taxes together, in the 2022/23 and 2023/24 tax year, it’s usually tax-efficient for most limited company directors to take a monthly salary up to the NI Secondary threshold of £758.33 per month, or £9,100 per year.

As we mentioned at the start of this article, as the Lower Earnings Limit is below the point at which you pay employee or employer’s NICs, you’ll still accrue qualifying years for the state pension.

If you pay yourself a salary up to the relevant National Insurance threshold from your limited company, you won’t pay any Income Tax or National Insurance on it as long as it’s your only earnings. We usually recommend this option on the basis of tax efficiency. There may be reasons, as outlined above, why you may decide to pay yourself a higher salary.

As a company director, you can choose the amount of salary you’re paid, but you may wish to get advice from one of our expert accountants to ensure you’re paying yourself in the most tax-efficient way.

If you’re a Crunch client and wish to pay yourself a salary higher than the relevant National Insurance threshold amount, please contact your client managers as you may need to take up our additional payroll service or upgrade to our Premium package.